Metal Machining Processes
Machining encompasses three primary techniques:

1. Turning: Rotates workpieces against stationary cutting tools to create cylindrical shapes (e.g., shafts, bushings) with ±0.01mm precision.
2. Milling: Employs multi-tooth rotary cutters to produce flat surfaces, slots, or complex contours, achieving Ra 1.6-3.2μm surface roughness.
3. Grinding: Uses abrasive wheels for final finishing (Ra 0.1-0.8μm), correcting dimensional tolerances to within 0.002mm.

These cold-working methods remove material through controlled shear deformation, enhancing mechanical properties via work hardening. Widely applied in precision component manufacturing, they complement sheet metal forming processes like bending and stamping in industrial production chains.